普通小麦与簇毛麦双二倍体的合成,育性及细胞遗传学研究

通过杂种幼胚无性系培养获得大量再生植株F_1,经秋水仙碱处理,合成了普通小麦与簇毛麦属间双二倍体(AABBDDVV)。其形态特征除株高、穗长、小穗数,籽粒大小和育性明显增加,生育期延长外,分别与各自的再生植株F_1相似。双二倍体的体细胞染色体数目变化范围为48—56。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ 2n=28Ⅱ的细胞占56.82％,每个细胞平均有27.10个二价体,1.44个单价体,0.08个三价体,0.03个四价体。经过连续两代单穗单株选择,结实率由15.91％提高到36.52％。     

西藏裸大麦主要性状的遗传参数研究

根据西藏当前大面积种植的9个裸大麦品种, 运用数量遗传学的原理和方法,研究其主要性状的平均数、变异系数、广义遗传率、相关遗传率、遗传相关系数及表型相关系数,为提高今后育种效率提供一些信息。     

不同小麦背景小簇麦双二倍体的品质、抗病性及分子细胞遗传学研究

对不同小麦（Triticum aestivum 2n=42 AABBDD）背景的4个小簇麦双二倍体进行了分子细胞遗传学分析。结果表明,经过自交7代选育,小簇麦双二倍体的遗传逐渐趋于稳定。其中V852cd和V853cd的遗传稳定性相对较好,RTC M,2m=56的植株分别占100％和83.33%,PMC MI,2n=28Ⅱ的频率分别为73.34%和70.72%,相对紊乱系数分别为0.021和0.022;用簇毛麦（Haynaldia villosa 2n=14 VV)DNA作探针进行原位杂交时,V851cd、V852cd和V853cd的体细胞中都有14条簇毛麦染色体,其染色体组成为2n=56=42W 14V,V854cd中有12条簇毛麦染色体,其染色体组成为2n=56=42W 12V 2T(W/V)。4个双二倍体籽粒蛋白质含量为19.28％－20.52%;V851cd,V852cd和V853cd对条锈病免疫或近免疫,高抗白娄病和叶锈病,中抗雪霉病和赤霉病。     

甘蓝型油菜与蓝花子远缘杂交及双二倍体的合成研究

甘蓝型油菜品种奥罗×蓝花子杂种Ｆ-１,平均配对构型为１２．１Ⅰ＋６．５３Ⅱ＋０．４１Ⅲ＋０．１８Ⅳ＋０．１８Ⅴ,Ａ、Ｃ染色体组与Ｒ染色体间存在配对,它们之间具有一定的同源性。在甘蓝型油菜与蓝花子的杂种Ｆ-１代中,存在一种染色体不配对的减数分裂类型。这一类型中有少量可形成平衡的不减数配子。提供了油菜与蓝花子远缘杂种回交结实的细胞学根据。在ＭＳ＋０．２ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ＋３ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ＋１ｇ／Ｌ秋水仙碱＋３０ｇ／Ｌ蔗糖＋８ｇ／Ｌ琼脂的培养基中,接种甘蓝型油菜奥罗与蓝花子的杂种Ｆ-１进行加倍处理,经快速繁殖后,获得大量的染色体数为２ｎ＝５６的双二倍体幼苗。上述双二倍体自交结实,在减数分裂中绝大多数细胞形成２８个二价体,个别形成２６个二价体和１个四价体。上述技术在油菜与蓝花子远缘杂交中首次解决了用常规方法不易获取远种杂种稳定双二倍体的难题。甘蓝型油菜品种Ａｌｔｅｘ×蓝花子杂种Ｆ-１代,长时间的快速繁殖后,出现了染色体丢失和加倍,有形成１９条染色体的配子回复到甘蓝型油菜染色体组成的趋势。在油菜远缘杂种中发现了类似于球茎大麦远缘杂种中染色体丢失的现象。     

In vitro multiplication of a sterile interspecific hybrid,Brassica fruticulosa x B. campestris

In vitro methods for plant multiplication of a sterile interspecific hybrid between Brassica fruticulosa and B. campestris through either micropropagation or callus regeneration is described. Shoot-tip, single-node and leaf explants, obtained from in vitro-grown hybrids, regenerated on media containing NAA and BA. In vitro application of colchicine induced chromosome doubling in in vitro-regenerated shoots resulting in the production of fertile amphidiploids. Comparative studies on regeneration potential of the hybrid and its parents were also carried out using callus from leaf explants. The explants of B. fruticulosa and the hybrid were capable of shoot and root formation while those of B. campestris failed to form shoots but produced profuse roots. The results demonstrate the efficacy of an in vitro method in producing a large number of hybrid plants and fertile amphidiploids from incompatible crosses that yield very few hybrid seeds/seedlings.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - CMS cytoplasmic male sterile - AA diploid genome of B. campestris - FF diploid genome of B. fruticulosa - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid     

四倍体小麦—粗山羊草双二倍体抗病新种质的创制

通过四倍体小麦与粗山羊草杂交,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了ＰＳ５－Ｙ２８７双二倍体（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）。该双二倍体ＰＭＣ ＭⅠ染色体构型基本稳定,对小麦白粉病表现免疫,对条锈、叶锈和秆锈病表现良好的田间抗性。并且该种质籽粒外观品质好,是一份有利用价值的小麦种质材料。     

具一对双随体染色体的硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体的合成、抗病性及细胞遗传学研究

通过幼胚培养和秋水仙碱处理,人工合成了具有一对双随体染色体的硬粒小麦——簇毛麦双二倍体（ＡＡＢＢＶＶ）。根尖细胞染色体数目２ｎ＝４２;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,２ｎ＝２１″的细胞占６９．９４％,染色体构型为１．０′＋２０．４７″＋０．０２。天然和自交结实率分别为４９．０７％和３９．２３％。籽粒蛋白质含量为２０．９８％。抗白粉、条锈、叶锈和赤霉病。     

高粱遗传转化研究进展

高粱是世界上仅次于小麦、水稻、玉米和大豆的重要作物之一,然而由于其高效、稳定的遗传转化体系的建立较难,限制了其转基因研究进程.近年来,随着转基因技术的不断发展和完善,高粱转基因研究也取得了飞速的发展.从高粱遗传转化再生系统中外植体的选择、转化方法、影响转化和基因表达效率的因素等几方面进行了综述,并总结转基因高粱研究进展.     

Production of microspore-derived plants by anther culture of an interspecific F1 hybrid between Cyclamen persicum and C. purpurascens

Anthers of a F1 hybrid (2n=41) between Cyclamen persicum (2n=2x=48) and C. purpurascens (2n=2x=34) were cultured to produce microspore-derived plants. Embryoids were produced when anthers, containing microspores at the early uninucleate stage of pollen development, were cultured in B5 medium containing sucrose (90 g l-1) and NAA (0.1, 1 mg l-1) or 2,4-D (0.1 mg l-1) in the dark at 5 °C for 4 days, then at 25 °C for 60 days. The embryoids usually developed into plantlets when cultured in B5 medium containing sucrose (30 g l-1) in the dark at 25 °C. At meiosis, the F1 hybrid, used as source for anther culture, formed some cells with restitution nuclei at telophase and dyads at the tetrad stage, which resulted in the production of viable pollen grains as unreduced gametes. Plants produced by anther culture were grouped into sterile plants with 2n=41 chromosomes and fertile plants with 2n=82 chromosomes. The present findings suggested that the sterile plants were polyhaploids originating from unreduced microspores (n=41) of the F1 hybrid and that the fertile plants were amphidiploids induced by a spontaneous doubling during culture of chromosomes of such unreduced microspores. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.